You can replace tilelayer gl renderer's default fragment shader with custom one.

Default fragment shader GLSL source is:

  precision mediump float;

  uniform sampler2D u_image;
  uniform float u_opacity;

  varying vec2 v_texCoord;

  void main() {
      gl_FragColor = texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord) * u_opacity;
  }

Required GLSL variables: u_image, u_opacity, v_texCoord

You can define new GLSL uniforms in the shader, and set value in layer's canvascreate event.

index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
  <title> - </title>
  <style type="text/css">
    html,body{margin:0px;height:100%;width:100%}
    #map0{width:calc(50% - 2px);height:calc(100% - 2px);float:left;border:1px solid}
    #map1{width:calc(50% - 2px);height:calc(100% - 2px);float:right;border:1px solid}
  </style>
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://unpkg.com/maptalks/dist/maptalks.css">
  <script type="text/javascript" src="https://unpkg.com/maptalks/dist/maptalks.min.js"></script>
  <body>
    <div id="map0"></div>
    <div id="map1"></div>


    <script>
      var tileLayer = new maptalks.TileLayer('carto',{
        urlTemplate : 'https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png',
        subdomains  : ['a','b','c'],
        // fragment shader from webglfundamentals.org
        // https://webglfundamentals.org/webgl/lessons/webgl-image-processing.html
        fragmentShader: [
          'precision mediump float;' +
          'uniform sampler2D u_image;' +
          'uniform vec2 u_textureSize;' +
          'uniform float u_kernel[9];' +
          'uniform float u_opacity;' +
          'uniform float u_kernelWeight;' +

          'varying vec2 v_texCoord;' +

          'void main() {' +
             'vec2 onePixel = vec2(1.0, 1.0) / u_textureSize;' +
             'vec4 colorSum =' +
                 'texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2(-1, -1)) * u_kernel[0] +' +
                 'texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2( 0, -1)) * u_kernel[1] +' +
                 'texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2( 1, -1)) * u_kernel[2] +' +
                 'texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2(-1,  0)) * u_kernel[3] +' +
                 'texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2( 0,  0)) * u_kernel[4] +' +
                 'texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2( 1,  0)) * u_kernel[5] +' +
                 'texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2(-1,  1)) * u_kernel[6] +' +
                 'texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2( 0,  1)) * u_kernel[7] +' +
                 'texture2D(u_image, v_texCoord + onePixel * vec2( 1,  1)) * u_kernel[8] ;' +

             'gl_FragColor = vec4((colorSum / u_kernelWeight).rgb, 1) * u_opacity;' +
          '}'
        ].join('\n')
      });

      tileLayer.on('canvascreate', function (e) {
        // set uniform values in shader
        var gl = e.gl;
        var program = gl.program;
        var textureSizeLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'u_textureSize');
        var kernelLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'u_kernel[0]');
        var kernelWeightLocation = gl.getUniformLocation(program, 'u_kernelWeight');
        //kernels of sobelVertical in the original example
        var kernels = [
          1,  0, -1,
          2,  0, -2,
          1,  0, -1
        ];
        gl.uniform2f(textureSizeLocation, 256, 256);
        gl.uniform1fv(kernelLocation, new Float32Array(kernels));
        gl.uniform1f(kernelWeightLocation, computeKernelWeight(kernels));
      });

      var map1 = new maptalks.Map('map1', {
        center:     [-0.113049,51.498568],
        zoom:  4,
        attribution: {
          content: '&copy OpenStreetMap'
        },
        baseLayer : tileLayer
      });

      function computeKernelWeight(kernel) {
        var weight = kernel.reduce(function (prev, curr) {
          return prev + curr;
        });
        return weight <= 0 ? 1 : weight;
      }

      // original
      var map0 = new maptalks.Map('map0', {
        center:     [-0.113049,51.498568],
        zoom:  4,
        attribution: {
          content: '&copy OpenStreetMap'
        },
        baseLayer : new maptalks.TileLayer('base',{
          urlTemplate : 'https://{s}.tile.openstreetmap.org/{z}/{x}/{y}.png',
          subdomains  : ['a','b','c']
        })
      });

    </script>
  </body>
</html>
Copied!